Causal refers to the relationship between cause and effect. In the context of scientific research, causation refers to the idea that an event or phenomenon is caused by one or more specific factors or variables. In other words, the occurrence of an effect is dependent on the presence of a specific cause. In order to establish a causal relationship between two variables, it is necessary to demonstrate that a change in the value of the cause variable leads to a corresponding change in the value of the effect variable. In order to establish a causal relationship, it is also necessary to consider and control for other possible factors that might influence the relationship between the cause and effect.